Functional assessment and classification in heart failure encompass a spectrum of tools and frameworks designed to quantify a patient’s symptoms, exercise capacity and underlying cardiac performance.

Nearly 7 million people in the United States are living with heart failure, and that number is expected to grow in the years ...

Background The Forrester classification remains a cornerstone for assessing haemodynamic status in heart failure, yet its ...

When the heart struggles to pump efficiently, a cascade of events unfolds. Fluid accumulates in the lungs and extremities. Breathing becomes labored. Simple activities like climbing stairs or carrying ...

A patient fact sheet outlining the differences between heart failure and cardiomyopathy, including subtypes of each condition and diagnostic procedures for both. Cardiomyopathy is a group of heart ...

The natriuretic peptides, specifically brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), are the most specific and applicable laboratory tests available to establish fluid overload associated with HF. 9 BNP is ...