In inland California grasslands, the high densities of alien annual species have altered the growing environment for native perennial grasses. Using variable-density plots, we measured the influence ...

Studies on species’ responses to climate change have focused largely on the direct effect of abiotic factors and in particular temperature, neglecting the effects of biotic interactions in determining ...

In this investigation, we will examine the effects of competition for resources on reproductive output within and between two species of parasitoid wasps. Ecological communities are composed of ...

The modern idea of a species as a whole system is characterized by particular relations between members of the species. Thus the reactions of individual members of a population to external forces are ...