Although renal sinus vein invasion is the most common site of extrarenal involvement in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CC), CC also spreads by lymphatics. As cortical lymphatics drain into the sinus ...

The 2002 TNM formulation defines a pT3b tumor as one that ‘extends into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle containing) branches.’ This definition elicits uncertainty when veins with little muscle ...