At the core of every computer, smartphone, and digital device lies the transistor, a tiny but powerful component that is crucial for processing data and performing mathematical operations. But how ...

Binary arithmetic is simulated by packing 32 bits into a single 32 bit integer and then performing bitwise XNOR operations.

Leibniz developed this system to express numbers and all operations of arithmetic—addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division—in the binary language of 1s and 0s.