This report presents the findings and recommendations from the 2025 assessment of Botswana’s public sector debt statistics (PSDS) in relation to the IMF’s Data Quality Assessment Framework (DQAF) for ...

The Canadian economy has navigated the pandemic well and achieved a soft landing but rising trade tensions pose significant challenges. Amid sharp monetary tightening to control high levels of ...

This paper proposes a “quasi-agnostic” sign restriction procedure to identify structural shocks in frequentist structural vector autoregression (SVAR) models. It argues that low acceptance rates, ...

This paper examines financial interconnectedness in Asia, particularly through Singapore, and the link between trade and financial flows. It finds that Asia's financial integration lags behind its ...

This paper assesses the stance of monetary policy in eleven Sub-Saharan African (SSA) emerging and frontier market economies. We estimate neutral real interest rates using a range of methodologies, ...

This paper documents five empirical facts about the role of strategic complementarities in firms’ price-setting behavior, using administrative data from Chilean firms. (1) Strategic complementarities ...

This note explores the implementation of central bank digital currencies in environments with limited connectivity, emphasizing the need for offline solutions to enhance financial inclusion. It ...

Cyber risk is highly relevant to the financial sector and financial stability of Canada. According to the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (CCCS), in 2021, 23.9 percent of finance and insurance ...

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has decided to close its Resident Representative Office in San José, which has been headed by Mr. Santiago Acosta-Ormaechea, effective mid-October 2025.

Quantitative easing (QE) has been criticized for helping fuel the post-COVID inflation boom and causing large central bank losses. In this paper, we argue that QE should be evaluated mainly on its ...